Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Hybridization and MWCNT Reinforcement on the Solid Particle Erosion of Glass/Carbon Fiber Composites

A systematic investigation into the solid particle erosion (SPE) of monolithic, sandwich-type hybrid and multi-scale (Multi Wallet Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT)-reinforced) glass/carbon fiber composites was performed confirming to the ASTM G76-18 standard, utilizing angular alumina erodent (~600 µm) at 34 m/s across key impingement angles of 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. The analysis reveals a profound performance dichotomy dictated by the governing wear mechanism. At the shear-dominated 30° angle, where maximum material loss was observed, hybridization consistently enhanced erosion resistance relative to both monolithic benchmarks. This synergy, however, contrasts sharply with the nuanced behavior under the 90° impact-dominant regime; here, although strategically hybridizing a brittle CFRP with tougher glass fibers reduced the erosion rate (ER) by a remarkable ~50%, this benefit was compromised by the matrix embrittlement induced by MWCNT incorporation. This work clarifies the difference between shear-dominated erosion in the ductile regime and fracture toughness under impact-dominated conditions.