Prerequisites for the Emergence of Extracurricular work in Russia in the Second half of the 19th century

The article presents the results of a historical and pedagogical study of the prerequisites for the emergence of extracurricular work in Russia in the second half of the 19th century. Based on the analysis of historical sources, several groups of prerequisites at the state, socio-economic and socio-pedagogical levels are identified. The influence of these prerequisites on the emergence and development of extracurricular work is analyzed. The current problems that worried the Russian public and contributed to increased attention to the development of extracurricular work in the studied period are identified. The purpose of the article is to determine the prerequisites for the emergence of extracurricular work in Russia and their influence on the development of this pedagogical activity in the second half of the 19th century. Methodology and research methods. The methodological foundations of the study include a systemic, cultural approach and a phenomenological approach, which allow this study to rely not on individual methodological foundations, but on their systemic combination, to study the evolution of extracurricular work as a socio-cultural phenomenon, to construct various theoretical foundations for the phenomenon of extracurricular work as one of the ways of organizing social reality. To achieve the goal of the study, source study and comparative-contrastive analysis were used. The conclusion of the article presents the findings that the emergence of activities to organize extracurricular work is based on a number of objective prerequisites that had developed in Russia by the early 60s of the 19th century: state reforms of the 60s – 70s of the 19th century; the beginning of the revolutionary democratic movement and the activities of representatives of the first revolutionary circles; growing awareness among progressive public figures and government officials of the fight against mass ignorance, the interest of progressive representatives of the emerging class of the Russian bourgeoisie in increasing the number of workers with at least an initial level of literacy; the need to combat drunkenness of a large part of the ordinary population of Russia; the presence of serious problems associated with the existence and development of public education within the framework of the school system of lower education; the maturing needs to change approaches to education, which were felt by teachers and public figures of the second half of the 19th century. These prerequisites contributed to the fact that extracurricular work emerged at the initial stage as a social phenomenon and developed largely due to private initiative.