A Quantitative Methodological Approach to the Universal Accessibility Analysis of Cultural Heritage Sites: A Case Study of the Ávila Region (Spain)

This study presents a quantitative methodological approach for evaluating universal accessibility in cultural heritage sites, grounded in the DALCO criteria—Deambulation/Mobility, Apprehension, Location, and Communication. The methodology is designed to be broadly applicable across diverse geographic and cultural contexts, thus offering a generalizable framework for assessing accessibility. At the same time, the study applies this approach to the specific case of the Ávila region (Spain), a territory with a high concentration of Assets of Cultural Interest (ACIs), including sites recognized as UNESCO World Heritage. In this way, the research simultaneously pursues a methodological aim, by testing and refining the DALCO-based framework, and a diagnostic aim, by providing a comprehensive evaluation of accessibility conditions in Ávila. Using a structured questionnaire, each ACI was assessed to determine its accessibility level across four key dimensions. The results reveal significant physical, communicative, and cognitive barriers across the region, with notable disparities among territorial zones. The proposed methodology offers a replicable and scalable tool for researchers, cultural institutions, and public authorities committed to fostering inclusive heritage environments, and provides a technical foundation for implementing universal design principles aligned with the SDG 11.