Groundwater Dynamics in Karachi: Comparative Analysis of More than Two Decades of Extraction, Quality Changes, and Seawater Interruption in Water-Table

The study area is located in a dry climate zone by very slight precipitation due to out of main monsoon path. Topography of research area doesn’t support orographic (mountain-driven) rainfall. Consequently, as indicated that the research study is Karachi metropolitan area. In addition, in study area open drainage system exists includes many nallahs (municipal water drainage streams) with inappropriate conditions which flows southwest across urban areas of Karachi.