Investigating the Behavior and Kinetics of Lead Electrode in Sodium Hydroxide Solution for Application in Dual-Electrolyte Lead Batteries

Seeking higher voltage and performance in lead–acid batteries, this research introduces a multielectrolyte configuration: PbO2 in H2SO4 and Pb in NaOH, isolated by an ion-exchange membrane. The electrochemical behavior of Pb in NaOH was analyzed via cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy, and current measurements. CV revealed redox processes and voltage characteristics, impedance provided kinetic parameters, and current transients elucidated nucleation and growth dynamics. This design leverages the low potential of Pb in alkali (−0.9 V) and the high potential of PbO2 in acid (+1.5 V), achieving a significant 2.4 V operating voltage, presenting a promising optimization strategy.