BALANCING GROWTH AND SUSTAINABILITY: INDONESIA’S ENERGY TRANSITION IN A CHANGING GLOBAL LANDSCAPE

Geopolitics of world energy has experienced fundamental changes because of changes in political power, technological developments, and increased environmental awareness. These factors have important implications for national energy policies, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. The study explore cross-fertilisation between global energy megatrends and Indonesia's national strategy development through a qualitative analysis of policy frameworks, government documents and academic literature. The results shows that transition of energy in Indonesia faced paradoxical conditions, which are abundant potential of coal resources but on the other long-term sustainable goals should lean toward the renewable energy. Responses have involved downstream industrial policies, technological R&D like coal gasification and carbon capture, and compliance with international commitments on climate change. But the use of renewable energy is not extensive and needs more robust regulatory, financial, and infrastructure support to be scaled up. The study highlights that the combination of decarbonization, decentralization and digitalization can help to ensure both the security and sustainability required from energy provision. The country’s capacity to negotiate these complex trade-offs will define the leadership in the global energy transition.