Revisiting the critical role of coprophagic organisms in amplifying antimicrobial resistance

Coprophagic organisms present a critical, yet often underappreciated and unexplored, dimension of the global health challenge posed by the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review explores the complex dynamics between coprophagic organisms and the propagation of AMR, focusing on the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB) in faeces and the environment. The aim is to elucidate how coprophagic organisms contribute to AMR proliferation and to propose strategic countermeasures. The paper uncovers a range of direct and indirect methods by which coprophagic organisms facilitate the transmission of AMR, with a particular focus on the significance of environmental influences and horizontal gene transfer. It examines the complex modalities of AMR spread, including direct bacteria transfer, contamination of shared habitats, and the broader implications of coprophagy in AMR dissemination. Coprophagic organisms significantly contribute to the spread of AMR, a critical issue often neglected, which poses a major global health threat. Tackling this challenge requires a comprehensive and collaborative approach that includes efficient waste management, committed research, vigilant monitoring systems, public engagement, and cross-sectoral cooperation.