Morphometric, Phenological, and Nutritional Characterization of Five Wild Bean Species from Durango, Mexico

The taxonomic complexity of the genus Phaseolus requires a detailed characterization of traits that highlight species diversity. This study evaluated five wild bean species throughout their life cycle, analyzing 20 qualitative and 18 quantitative morphometric variables as well as phenological traits such as days, along with recording phenological data such as the number of days from germination to seed maturity. The nutritional composition was assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the functional groups of organic compounds in the seed coat and embryo. Significant differences were observed among species, including distinct germination forms that may affect environmental adaptation and flower colors potentially linked to pollinator interactions. Morphological and phenological diversity was documented, along with variation in seed and embryo protein, polysaccharide, and lipid content. Three species were identified as being the most suitable with agronomic potential for crop improvement: P. vulgaris, P. leptostachyus, and P. acutifolius, while P. coccineus and P. leptostachyus stood out for their nutritional profiles and potential contributions to food security. The results underscore the importance of integrating morphological, phenological, and nutritional data to better understand Phaseolus diversity and inform conservation and breeding strategies.