Speaking for Survival: A Systematic Review of English Language Learning Motivation, Barriers, and Workplace Communication Needs Among Bangladeshi Migrant Workers in Gulf Countries

Bangladeshi migrant workers make up a large part of the Gulf labor force, yet face significant English language barriers affecting workplace safety and economic outcomes. This systematic review synthesizes existing evidence on English language learning motivation, barriers, and workplace communication needs among this population in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched academic databases and gray literature (2010-2024), using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the AACODS checklist for quality assessment. Narrative synthesis used the Self-Determination Theory and Workplace Learning Theory frameworks. From 892 initial records, 35 studies were included (18 peer-reviewed articles, 9 government reports, 8 organizational studies). Economic survival emerged as the primary motivation, with 52% of workers identifying language barriers as significant obstacles to workplace success and economic advancement. Systematic barriers included time limits of 10-12 hours per workday, financial difficulties, and inadequate pre-departure training, which consisted of only three days of language instruction. Safety-critical communication dominated across sectors, with construction workers requiring hazard vocabulary and service employees needing customer interaction skills. Evidence-based educational interventions should focus on sector-specific survival English programs, mobile learning solutions addressing documented time limits, and employer incentive systems to support systematic language development. Enhanced pre-departure training and bilateral labor agreements that incorporate comprehensive language provisions are essential for improving worker outcomes and enhancing workplace safety.