Towards a New Quantum Model of Mass Evolution through Symmetry Breaking

The phenomenon of symmetry breaking has remained a significant and widely discussed topic in physics over the past few decades. It has been postulated that the mass of the universe evolved from the spontaneous breaking of symmetry in the atoms or molecules of baryonic matter. However, no concrete theory or model currently exists in the literature that can explain the mechanism of symmetry breaking in a tripartite manner—that is in regard to physics, mathematics, and topology—despite substantial research efforts. A major problem in physics arises from the inconsistency that, while the volume or size of atoms and molecules is approximated as three-dimensional spheres, the dimension of mass remains non-deterministic. In this research article, a topological quantum model—logically grounded in the philosophies of both mathematics and physics—is presented to reveal the mechanism of the "evolution of mass from spherically symmetrical atoms and molecules." The dimensional form of mass, in relation to the fundamental dimension of length (L) in physics, is evaluated here. Furthermore, the classical principle of conservation of momentum is reinterpreted in terms of mass and volume, and a mathematical relationship between these two variables is established through the universal parameter π. It has been firmly established in this article that while a quantum of volume exists in the direct three-dimensional "time-space" of the universe, a quantum of mass exists in the inverse three-dimensional space. Masses belong exclusively to this "reciprocal space," and mass and volume share a multiplicative inverse relationship. In general relativity (GTR) the mass has been defined as the ‘warp’ of the ‘time-space’ of the universe. The ‘time-space’ in GTR has been claimed to be a 4D one and is hyperbolic in their topology. A hyperbolic space has a negative curvature and does fall in the category of reciprocal space only. GTR of Einstein gave major emphasis on mathematics and most of the concepts were a sort of floating concept in physics. As well GTR had failed to reveal how a ‘reciprocal space’ is being evolved topologically from ‘direct space’ of the universe. The current model as being offered in this article fills the said gap in GTR and rightly evaluated the hyperbolic geometry of mass. This new model has got a resemblance with Anti – De Sitter space too which is maximally symmetric Lorentzian manifold with constant negative curvature. This is very much significant in theoretical physics and general theory of relativity. The conventional principle of equipartition of energy in physics deals only with the degrees of freedom of atoms and molecules, allotting (kT/2) energy for each degree of freedom, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin. However, this formulation is silent on how volume and mass are distributed or partitioned. In this article, it is shown that an equipartition exists between volume and mass as well.