Commercial, Non-Commercial and Experimental Wound Dressings Based on Bacterial Cellulose: An In-Depth Comparative Study of Physicochemical Properties

Wound management remains a significant global healthcare challenge, particularly due to chronic wounds that resist healing and impose economic and social burdens. Bacterial cellulose (BC), owing to its biocompatibility, high purity and moisture-handling capabilities, has gained attention as a wound dressing material. This study provides a comparative evaluation of a commercial BC film (Membracel®), a non-commercial BC from POLISA® (BCP) and an experimental BC from SENAI CIMATEC (BCC), all produced via static fermentation using distinct culture conditions. Comprehensive characterization included scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, solid-state 13C NMR, water interaction assessments, porosity and vapor permeability measurements, optical and mechanical testing and in vitro stability in simulated wound fluid. The three BC films exhibited markedly different structural and functional profiles. BCC displayed the highest crystallinity (78.7%), thermal stability and vapor permeability, indicating suitability for wounds with high exudate. BCP showed the greatest tensile strength (46.2 MPa) and flexibility, suggesting utility where mechanical robustness is required. Membracel® exhibited lower crystallinity and vapor permeability, appropriate for low-exudate wounds. All samples remained dimensionally stable in simulated wound fluid. These findings highlight clear correlations between the physicochemical properties of BC-based dressings and their potential clinical applications, supporting the development of tailored wound care solutions based on wound type and moisture management requirements.