Mineral-Based Magnesium Extraction Technologies: Current and Future Practices

Magnesium is a valuable industrial metal prized for its strength and reactivity. Traditionally, magnesium was extracted from seawater and brines. However, to meet the rising global demand, it is now primarily sourced from mineral deposits. This shift has sparked renewed interest in extracting magnesium from non-saline sources, including carbonates, silicates, halides, oxides, and hydroxides. This review examines the extraction technologies currently used for these mineral-based resources, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and electrometallurgical methods. Each method is assessed based on the reactions involved in the transformation, operational principles, efficiency, and energy requirements. The review emphasizes the importance of mineral pretreatment—thermal, mechanical, and chemical—in improving magnesium recovery, especially from refractory silicates. By summarizing recent advancements and process innovations, the review aims to inform future research and industrial practices, and support the development of sustainable, cost-effective, and scalable magnesium extraction strategies.