Legal and Ethical Risks in Medical Translation: A Cross-National Perspective from English and Chinese Healthcare Systems

This paper explores the legal and ethical risks inherent in medical translation practices by comparing the English and Chinese healthcare contexts. It highlights how inaccurate or culturally insensitive translations can lead to medical errors, breaches of informed consent, patient mistrust, and even litigation. Drawing on case studies and regulatory frameworks, the study examines how both systems address translator qualifications, liability issues, and the protection of patient rights when language barriers exist. Particular attention is paid to informed consent documents, patient information leaflets, and discharge summaries as high-risk zones for mistranslation. The paper argues that while both legal traditions recognize the importance of accurate communication, practical implementation and enforcement mechanisms differ significantly. The findings underline the need for harmonized standards and stronger interdisciplinary cooperation among healthcare professionals, legal experts, and linguists to minimize translation-related risks and safeguard patient safety and dignity.