Improving Heat Transfer Efficiency in Systems with Low-Grade Heat Carriers Using Nanofluids

This article investigates the enhancement of heat transfer processes in energy systems operating with low-grade heat carriers through the application of nanofluids. Nanofluids, which are colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in base fluids, demonstrate superior thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer properties compared to traditional fluids. The study includes a review of recent experimental and numerical research on nanofluid behavior in low-temperature conditions, the selection of optimal nanoparticle materials, and the influence of concentration, flow regime, and surface characteristics on heat transfer performance. Results indicate that the use of nanofluids can significantly improve energy efficiency in low-temperature heat exchange systems such as geothermal plants, heat pumps, and solar collectors. Recommendations are provided for the practical integration of nanofluids into existing thermal systems, considering technical and economic factors.