Development of a game-based volleyball training model to improve forearm passing, teamwork, and concentration in beginner athletes

Introduction: Volleyball training for beginners often focuses on technical skills while neglecting teamwork and concentration. An integrated, game-based approach is needed to address these aspects holistically. Objective: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a game-based volleyball training model to improve forearm passing, teamwork, and concentration among beginner athletes. Methodology: A Research and Development (R&D) approach was employed using the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Participants included 47 beginner athletes from three volleyball clubs in Yogyakarta, supported by six coaches and eight expert validators. The model consisted of ten structured game-based activities. Expert validation, small- and large-scale trials, and an effectiveness test with 37 athletes over 16 training sessions were conducted. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired sample t-tests. Results: Validation scores exceeded 91%, indicating high feasibility. Practicality tests achieved ratings above 87%. Effectiveness tests showed significant improvements in forearm passing, teamwork, and concentration (p < 0.05). Discussion: The findings demonstrate that integrating technical, psychosocial, and cognitive elements within a game-based model effectively enhances beginner volleyball performance. This approach provides a dynamic and engaging alternative to traditional methods. Conclusions: The developed training model is feasible, practical, and effective, offering valuable applications for coaches, physical education teachers, and youth sports clubs in improving beginner volleyball training.