Soil–water chemistry and its implications in aquaculture

Soil–water interactions play a pivotal role in shaping the productivity, sustainability, and ecological balance of aquaculture systems. The physico-chemical properties of pond soils, such as texture, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and nutrient availability, directly influence water quality parameters, including pH, alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, and nutrient dynamics. Conversely, water quality affects soil conditions through processes like nutrient deposition, organic matter accumulation, and microbial activity. An imbalance in soil–water chemistry often leads to adverse outcomes such as poor primary productivity, toxic metabolite accumulation (e.g., ammonia, hydrogen sulfide), disease outbreaks, and reduced feed conversion efficiency. Proper management of the soil–water interface is therefore essential to ensure optimal pond ecology, enhance fish and shrimp health, and improve overall aquaculture yields. Sustainable practices such as liming, organic and inorganic fertilization, aeration, bio-remediation, and regular monitoring of key parameters can help maintain a balanced soil–water environment. This paper highlights the fundamental principles of soil–water chemistry, its interactions in aquaculture ponds, and their implications for productivity, disease prevention, and environmental sustainability.