Fish, food, and affordability: Nutritional and livelihood dimensions of marine fish consumption by low-income households in Contai coastal region, West Bengal

Marine fish play a vital role in the dietary and economic well-being of the households as economically weaker sections in society and region. Marine fisheries form a nutritional and economic lifeline for low-income households in the Contai coastal region of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal. Despite their importance, the links between species preference, affordability, nutritional contribution, and household food security remain under- documented. This study addresses these gaps through three objectives to document species preference and consumption patterns across coastal households, to assess the affordability of marine fish species using a Food Affordability Index (FAI), to evaluate nutritional quality and socio-economic relevance of commonly consumed fish. A stratified household survey (n=156) was undertaken, integrating species-wise price monitoring, FAI estimation, nutrient composition analysis (protein, omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, iodine, vitamin D), and the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS).Findings reveal that affordable small pelagic and low-value demersal fish dominate consumption, contributing substantially to protein and micronutrient intake. The mean FAI demonstrated significant inter-coastal and inter-species variation, with low-cost species ensuring high nutrient returns per unit price. Nutrient-specific visualizations and radar plots highlighted stingrays and sardines as nutrient-rich, cost-effective species. However, food insecurity remains prevalent: 44% households are food secure, 38% mildly to moderately insecure, and 19% severely insecure (mean HFSS = 11.8). This reflects fragile access to marine fish amidst market fluctuations and ecological pressures.The study emphasizes the dual role of affordable fisheries in sustaining household nutrition and local livelihoods. Policy recommendations include strengthening low-value fish supply chains, promoting nutrition-sensitive fisheries management, and integrating marine fish into regional food security planning.