Ecological and health impacts of animal movements in parasite dissemination

Animal movements are a fundamental ecological process, essential for survival, reproduction, and habitat exploration. However, these movements also play a pivotal role in the transmission and dissemination of parasitic pathogens. From livestock migrations and pet relocations to global trade and wildlife forays, each form of movement can introduce parasites into new environments, causing outbreaks and shifting disease dynamics. This review explores the types and implications of animal movements in parasite epidemiology, discusses species-specific risks, highlights notable case studies, and provides an evidence-based framework for disease prevention and control. The review underlines the urgent need for integrated surveillance systems and biosecurity protocols to manage parasitic diseases that affect both animal and human populations.