Prevalence and genotypic distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus in cervical samples of reproductive-age women in western Uttar Pradesh: A prospective observational study

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Indian women, primarily driven by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus. Cervical cancer is currently ranking as the fourth most common cancer among women in both incidence and mortality with approximately 600,000 new cases and 340,000 deaths annually. India contributes to a significant proportion of the global cervical cancer burden. Regional data are essential to guide vaccination and screening strategies. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, LLRM Medical College. Sexually active women aged 20-40 years attending gynecology OPD were enrolled (n=462). Cervical samples were collected using a cyto-brush and processed with the cobas® 5800 system (Roche) for HPV DNA detection and genotyping. Data were analyzed using SPSS v28; p<0.01 was considered significant. Results: The study found an overall HPV prevalence of approximately 6.27%, with the highest infection rate observed in women aged 26-30 years. A significant association was observed between religious affiliation and HPV status, suggesting potential influence of cultural practices on infection risk. Menstrual and reproductive factors such as age at menarche, menstrual flow patterns, and parity were analyzed for potential correlations with HPV status. Although no significant associations were found, the findings align with previous studies indicating that hormonal and cervical epithelial changes may influence susceptibility to infection. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the need for region-specific public health strategies to improve HPV screening and vaccination coverage. This study highlights a considerable burden of HPV infection in Western Uttar Pradesh, with notable demographic and cytological correlations. Findings emggphasize the importance of targeted screening, regional outreach, and the integration of Pap smear and molecular diagnostics for early detection and prevention of HPV-associated cervical lesions.