TMJ arthrography: A review

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a highly complex articulation essential for mastication, speech, and facial expression. Disorders affecting this joint, grouped as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), are a major source of orofacial pain and dysfunction. Imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, with arthrography serving as one of the earliest and most informative techniques for evaluating intra-articular soft tissues. TMJ arthrography involves the injection of radiopaque contrast medium into the joint compartments under fluoroscopic guidance, enabling visualization of disc position, perforations, adhesions, and joint space dynamics. Despite advances in MRI, arthrography remains valuable, particularly when MRI is contraindicated or when functional assessment is required. Moreover, it facilitates guided therapeutic procedures, including intra-articular corticosteroid injections. Although technically demanding and occasionally associated with transient complications, arthrography provides high diagnostic yield. It continues to play an important role in understanding TMJ pathology, guiding treatment planning, and improving clinical outcomes in patients with TMDs.