Musli Siyah (Curculigo orchioides Garten): A comprehensive review of ethnomedicinal, pharmacological and Unani perspectives

Musli Siyah (Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.), commonly known as Black Musli, is an important medicinal plant widely recognized in both traditional Unani medicine and modern phytotherapy. In Unani literature, it is categorized as Muqawwi-e-Bah (aphrodisiac), Muqawwi-e-Aasab (nervine tonic), and Muqawwi-e-Badan (general tonic), employed in the management of sexual debility, infertility, seminal weakness, and general fatigue. Its temperament (Mizaj) is described as Har Yabis (hot and dry), which aligns with its role in improving vigor, stamina, and reproductive health.Modern scientific investigations validate many of these classical claims. The rhizomes of C. orchioides contain bioactive compounds such as curculigoside, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides, which demonstrate antioxidant, adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and aphrodisiac activities. Phytochemistry and Pharmacological studies have reported its efficacy in improving spermatogenesis, enhancing testosterone levels, and protecting against oxidative stress-induced infertility. Moreover, its anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective properties have expanded its therapeutic potential beyond reproductive health.Despite its wide traditional usage, issues such as overharvesting, poor propagation, and adulteration pose threats to its availability and therapeutic authenticity. Hence, sustainable cultivation, standardization of extracts, and clinical validation are essential to establish its safety and efficacy on scientific grounds.This review integrates Unani and modern perspectives on Musli Siyah, highlighting its ethnomedicinal significance and pharmacological potential. Bridging traditional knowledge with contemporary evidence provides a holistic understanding of this valuable herb and supports its rational application in modern healthcare.