Mango production, cultivation, and rural economy: A focus on Malda district, West Bengal

The Malda district of West Bengal, India, renowned for its mango cultivation, faces challenges from pest infestations, overreliance on chemical pesticides, and declining farmer well-being. This study evaluates the efficacy of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies in promoting sustainable mango production while enhancing socio-economic resilience among smallholder farmers. Field trials and participatory surveys were conducted across 120 farms during the 2022-2023 cropping season, integrating ecological and socio-economic data. The IPM framework combined biological control agents (e.g., *Trichogramma* spp.), pheromone traps, botanical pesticides (Azadirachta indica extracts), and cultural practices like pruning and sanitation. A gender-disaggregated analysis assessed farmer adoption rates, yield outcomes, and health impacts. Results revealed a 25-30% increase in marketable yield in IPM-adapted orchards compared to conventional practices, alongside a 40% reduction in synthetic pesticide use. Economic returns improved by 20%, driven by lower input costs and premium pricing for residue-free mangoes. Notably, farmer health assessments indicated a 50% decline in pesticide-related illnesses, while focus group discussions highlighted enhanced knowledge-sharing and collective action within farming communities. Women participants reported greater involvement in decision-making, underscoring IPM’s role in gender inclusivity. The study identifies barriers such as initial cost sensitivity and the need for tailored extension services. By aligning ecological stewardship with livelihood security, IPM emerges as a transformative strategy for climate-resilient agriculture in Malda. These findings advocate for policy support to scale IPM adoption, ensuring long-term sustainability of mango systems and rural well-being in South Asia. This research provides empirical evidence for integrating agroecological practices with socio-economic development goals in tropical horticulture.