The Influence and Firing of Zircon, Ilmenite, and Magnetite as Partial Sand Replacement on the Properties of Concrete for Specialized Applications.

This study investigates the impact of partially replacing sand with varying percentages (10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%) of zircon (ZrSiO4), ilmenite (FeTiO3), and magnetite (Fe3O4) on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete. The research focuses on evaluating the compressive strength, density and radiation shielding capabilities of the modified concrete mixtures. The effect of firing concrete cubes(600,900 and 1100 C) with various percentages of the three materials were studied also. The use of these heavy minerals aims to enhance concrete properties for specialized applications such as radiation shielding structures and high-density construction. Results indicate that increasing the replacement percentage of zircon, ilmenite, and magnetite generally leads to higher density and improved radiation attenuation. The effect on mechanical strength varies depending on the mineral type and replacement level, highlighting the need for optimized mix designs for specific performance requirements. Firing of different percentages of Magnetite, limonite and also Zircon at different temperatures lead to the cracking, spalling, deterioration of concrete and reduced much the compressive strength.