Understanding inflammatory pathways in cardiovascular diseases: A step toward targeted anti-inflammatory therapies

Abstract Inflammation is a key factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), contributing to atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. This study analyses critical inflammatory pathways in cardiovascular diseases, including the NLRP3 inflammasome, cytokines, and chemokines that regulate the inflammatory response. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that addressing inflammation can reduce cardiovascular events, with the CANTOS trial validating the concept of IL-1ß suppression, and additional studies indicating the benefits of colchicine in secondary prevention. Novel medicines targeting specific inflammatory pathways, such as NLRP3 inhibitors, IL-6 antagonists, and SGLT2 inhibitors, show promise for cardiovascular protection. Future directions encompass the advancement of precision medicine strategies to identify patients most likely to benefit from anti-inflammatory treatments, achieving a balance between efficacy and safety through selective pathway inhibition, and investigating innovative therapeutic targets, including gene editing and immunomodulatory vaccines. As our comprehension of inflammatory pathways advances, targeted anti-inflammatory medicines may emerge as a fundamental aspect of cardiovascular disease care.