The Influence of Childhood Adversity on Academic Performance, Cognitive Function, and Life Satisfaction in University Students

Introduction Childhood is a pivotal developmental phase, with experiences during this period significantly shaping future outcomes. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, are linked to long-term adverse health outcomes, risky behaviors, and impaired cognitive function. These experiences can also negatively impact academic performance and life satisfaction. Despite the prevalence of (ACE), there is limited research in the Middle East. Objectives The study aim to examines the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), academic performance, cognition, and life satisfaction among Sultan Qaboos University students. Methods This cross-sectional study recruited undergraduate students from Sultan Qaboos University using self-administered surveys distributed via social media and college administrations. It assessed ACE scores, academic performance (GPA), cognitive function, and life satisfaction through validated instruments. Results The study found that 26.5% of students had high ACE scores, with emotional abuse being the most common. Higher ACE scores were associated with a history of mental illness, urban residence, and lower family financial status. Significant negative correlations were found between ACE scores and life satisfaction, GPA, and cognitive function. Regression analysis revealed that higher ACE scores increased the likelihood of lower GPA and decreased life satisfaction, emphasizing the substantial impact of ACEs on university students’ well-being and academic performance. Table 1: Multinomial Logistic Regression Results of GPA as Dependent Factor. GPA Category Predictor B Sig. (p-value) Exp(B) 95% CI for Exp(B) &lt;2.00 ACE Score 0.317 0.025 1.373 1.041 - 1.811 Gender -1.639 0.001 0.194 0.073 - 0.517 College -0.229 0.02 0.795 0.656 - 0.964 2.00-2.49 Gender -1.889 &lt;0.001 0.151 0.066 - 0.345 Academic Year 0.338 0.012 1.403 1.079 - 1.824 College -0.181 0.021 0.835 0.716 - 0.973 2.50-2.99 Academic Year 0.343 0.007 1.409 1.100 - 1.805 Table 2: multiple linear regression analysis SWLS as dependent variable. Predictor B Std. Error Beta t Sig. 95% CI B Gender -0.932 0.577 -0.069 -1.614 0.107 -2.066 to 0.203 College 0.358 0.117 0.131 3.066 0.002 0.129 to 0.588 Financial Status 1.14 0.566 0.094 2.015 0.044 0.028 to 2.251 Diagnosed with Mental Illness -3.355 1.015 -0.144 -3.305 0.001 -5.350 to -1.360 <jats:td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="middle" align="left"