Thermodynamic assessment of synergistic and antagonistic effects in metal solvent extraction

This paper presents a rigorous thermodynamic approach to complex chemical equilibria, applied for the first time to theoretically predict synergism and antagonism phenomena in multicomponent two-phase liquid-liquid systems. A thermodynamic methodology is introduced for analyzing metal solvent extraction reactions in these systems, utilizing tabulated standard thermodynamic data. This approach allows for the evaluation of experimental conditions where synergism and antagonism occur during the chemical process. The results for the studied heterogeneous systems are consistent with experimental data from the literature, confirming the reliability of the developed method. This framework provides a theoretical basis for predicting chemical synergism and antagonism based on tabulated thermodynamic data, considering specific experimental conditions such as chemical composition and pH in liquid-liquid extraction systems.