Heat And Mass Transfer In Hybrid Nanofluids With MHD And Entropy Effects

The study addresses the need for enhanced thermal and mass transport in fluid systems by exploring the combined effects of hybrid nanoparticles, magnetic field forces, and entropy modulation in complex flow domains. Conventional single-particle nanofluids often face limitations in heat transfer capacity and stability, motivating the development of hybrid nanofluids with synergistic thermal properties. The objectives were to evaluate the influence of varying magnetic parameters and nanoparticle volume fractions on heat and mass transfer rates and to quantify the associated entropy generation in magnetically driven hybrid nanofluid flows. A numerical methodology based on the finite element method was implemented to simulate flow over a range of magnetic parameters ( ) and total nanoparticle volume fractions up to 0.04. The results reveal that the local Nusselt number increases by approximately and the Sherwood number by about As the magnetic parameter rises from 0 to 4, indicating a significant enhancement in both heat and mass transfer. Conversely, entropy generation exhibited a marked rise of nearly. Under the same conditions, reflecting the trade-off between performance gains and thermodynamic irreversibility. These findings underscore the potential of optimized hybrid nanofluid-magnetic field configurations for applications in thermal energy systems, while highlighting the importance of managing entropy generation to balance efficiency and sustainability.