Emerging technologies and innovative approaches to combat antimicrobial resistance: A narrative review of next-generation therapeutic strategies

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most pressing global health challenges, with approximately 700,000 deaths annually directly attributable to resistant bacterial infections. This alarming trend threatens to undermine decades of medical progress. The widespread misuse and overuse of antibiotics have accelerated the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. This review examines the intricate mechanisms underlying the development of AMR and discusses innovative next-generation therapeutic strategies and emerging approaches for combating resistant pathogens. CRISPR-based antimicrobials demonstrated over 90 % in vitro efficacy in selectively eliminating MDR pathogens. Nanotechnology-based solutions, such as those utilizing silver and gold nanoparticles, have demonstrated potent bactericidal activity in preclinical settings; however, toxicity and regulatory concerns persist. Bacteriophage therapy and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are advancing through early clinical trials, offering targeted activity and immune-modulating effects. Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven drug discovery has already been clinically integrated, accelerating the design of antibiotics and predicting resistance with high efficiency. Comparative analysis reveals that AI tools possess the highest readiness level, while CRISPR and AMPs are promising but remain in early development stages. These emerging strategies collectively present significant potential to complement or replace conventional antibiotics in addressing AMR. Despite their potential, these technologies face significant implementation challenges, including technical limitations, economic barriers, ethical considerations, and regulatory complexities. This review emphasizes the critical need for multidisciplinary collaboration, sustainable funding models, and global policy frameworks to effectively translate these innovations into clinical practice. The AMR crisis can only be addressed through international collaboration, combining scientific innovation and supportive policy environments.