Machine learning in fluid dynamics: A critical assessment

The fluid dynamics community has increasingly adopted machine learning to analyze, model, predict, and control a wide range of flows. These methods offer powerful computational capabilities for regression, compression, and optimization. In some cases, machine learning has even outperformed traditional approaches. However, many fluid mechanics problems remain beyond the reach of current machine learning techniques. As the field moves from its current state toward a more mature paradigm, this article offers a critical assessment of the key challenges that must be addressed. Tackling these technical issues will not only deepen our understanding of flow physics but also expand the applicability of machine learning beyond fundamental research. We also highlight the importance of community-maintained datasets and open-source code repositories to accelerate progress in this area. Furthermore, the future success of machine learning in fluid dynamics will depend on effective training—not only for the next generation of researchers but also for established fluid mechanicians adapting to this evolving landscape. Data-driven fluid dynamics is in its critical transitional state over the next few years to shape its future. This perspective article aims to spark discussions and encourage collaborative efforts to advance the integration of machine learning in fluid dynamics.