Homology Analysis for Positioning Offsets Caused by Malicious Deviation Injection Attacks

The global positioning system (GPS) is vulnerable to deviation injection attacks due to its open architecture and weak encryption mechanisms, causing similar positioning offsets among receivers within the attack range. In this study, we analyze the homology degree of positioning system offset under deviation injection attacks. A simulation implementation method is developed to effectively control experimental variables. In addition, an index of homology degree is proposed to quantify the similarity of positioning offsets among different receivers within the range. Leveraging this index, we conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the effects of four factors on the homology degree, including the number of used satellites, fixed length time windows, variable length time windows, and sampling ranges. Finally, the experimental data of 2,000 Monte Carlo experiments are performed to obtain statistically significant results.