Plant cell wall biosynthesis: Immune signaling, genome editing, and physiological implications for biomass valorization

Plants continuously face biotic stress from pathogens, pests, and environmental challenges that threaten their survival and productivity. In response, plants have developed complex immune systems, with the cell wall playing a central role in defense. The plant cell wall not only provides mechanical strength but also acts as a dynamic barrier against pathogens, influencing both plant growth and immune responses. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of cell wall biosynthesis, facilitated by multi-omics technologies, particularly the synthesis and regulation of lignin and other polysaccharides, which contribute to cell wall integrity and plant immunity. It explores the interplay between cell wall modifications and immune signaling pathways, highlighting the role of pattern recognition receptors in pathogen detection and defense activation. Additionally, the potential of genome editing, especially CRISPR-Cas, in enhancing cell wall characteristics to improve pathogen resistance and biomass utilization is discussed. With growing interest in lignocellulosic biomass as a renewable resource for biofuels and bioproducts, this review also addresses the challenges of biomass recalcitrance, focusing on biotechnological advancements to improve saccharification efficiency. Finally, the review proposes integrated strategies combining genetic modifications, biotechnological innovations, and sustainable practices to optimize lignocellulosic biomass for a bio-based economy, contributing to both agricultural resilience and sustainable energy production. As climate change accelerates, these technologies hold the promise of developing resilient crops and enhancing the capacity of the bioeconomy to mitigate environmental impacts.