Paradigm shift and long-term results in the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic venous disorder

PeVD is a heterogeneous clinical condition requiring thorough preoperative assessment of reflux and venous obstruction. Although isolated CPP often benefits from gonadal and pelvic vein embolization, most patients with CPP related to chronic venous disease or renal vein symptoms improve with iliac or renal vein stenting alone, avoiding posterior gonadal vein embolization.