Exploring animal models and in vitro models for liver diseases: a review

Abstract Chronic liver disease (CLD) remains a major global health concern, necessitating robust experimental models for advancing research and therapy development. This review highlights the crucial role of both animal and in vitro models in elucidating disease mechanisms and identifying therapeutic targets. Key findings highlight that while chemically and drug-induced animal models effectively replicate aspects of human liver pathology, their translational relevance varies depending on the disease context. In vitro models, particularly 3D cultures and microfluidic systems, are rapidly evolving to mimic the liver’s complex microenvironment better, improving drug screening and mechanistic studies. The review highlights that an integrative approach—combining suitable animal models and advanced in vitro models—offers the greatest potential for understanding CLD progression and accelerating the development of effective, targeted treatments. This comprehensive review covers animal and in vitro models of chronic liver diseases.