Dynamic Properties of Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances deduced from Ionosonde and GNSS Measurements

Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) are wave-like perturbations in the electron density that propagate through the ionosphere, often triggered by atmospheric gravity waves associated with geomagnetic storms and other geophysical processes.We present the dynamic propagation characteristics of the TIDs estimated from multi-site analysis of the critical frequency of F2 region, foF2 and TEC derived from a Global Navigational Satellite System, GNSS measurements during selected geomagnetic storms of 2014 -2017 over Australia.The HF Interferometry and the TEC perturbation techniques were applied to detect TIDs.