5-AzaC Facilitates Somatic Embryogenesis and Germination Across Two Embryogenic Lines in Larix olgensis

Long-term subculture of embryogenic callus leads to a decline in somatic embryogenesis and germination capacity, which may be associated with increased methylation levels. 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC), a methylation inhibitor, modulates DNA methylation and is widely involved in regulating plant growth, development, and metabolism. In order to investigate the effect of 5-AzaC on somatic embryogenesis and germination in <i>Larix olgensis</i>, we supplemented the proliferation medium with different concentrations of 5-AzaC. The results showed that the addition of 5-AzaC inhibited the proliferation of embryogenic callus, with the proliferation of embryogenic line N2 completely inhibited at 100 μM, while that of embryogenic line N4 ceased at 20 μM. In contrast, treatment with 10 μM and 20 μM of 5-AzaC significantly increased the somatic embryo yield in both embryogenic lines, with the peak yield observed at 20 μM for embryogenic line N2 and at 10 μM for embryogenic line N4. Furthermore, the addition of 10 μM 5-AzaC effectively reduced the deformity rate during somatic embryo germination in embryogenic line N2 and N4, by 15.91% and 13.53%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that 5-AzaC can partially restore the somatic embryogenesis potential of embryogenic callus in <i>L. olgensis</i> under long-term subculture. Additionally, these results suggest that its effects may be both concentration-dependent and genotype-specific. The results provide a potential approach to mitigating the decline in embryogenic competence, while also demonstrating significant potential for large-scale propagation.