Geotechnical and Geodetic Structural Monitoring from the Perspective of the Industry 4.0 Concept and Challenges Toward Industry 5.0

<p>Contemporary challenges in monitoring and preserving civil and infrastructure structures require the application of intelligent, digitally supported systems. This paper presents the possibilities and benefits of applying Industry 4.0 concepts in the field of geotechnical and geodetic structural monitoring, with a particular focus on sensor networks (IoT), edge computing technologies for integrating various types of data, and cloud platforms for managing and controlling the collected information. Implementation examples are presented in the context of urban construction sites. The second part of the paper analyzes the challenges and perspectives of transitioning toward Industry 5.0, which emphasizes human-centered design, sustainability, and system resilience. The need to balance automation with the human role is highlighted, along with maintaining infrastructure safety and environmental responsibility. It is concluded that the integration of these concepts transforms the way critical structures are monitored and maintained, significantly enhancing the overall safety and efficiency of the system.</p>