Circulación transfronteriza y representaciones del pampino, el roto y el repatriado entre el norte de Chile y Bolivia durante el ciclo de expansión del salitre, 1880’-1930’

This article examines the representations of the pampino, the Chilean roto and the repatriated Bolivian that emerged during the nitrate expansion cycle, shaped by the cross-border circulation of people, ideas and knowledge between northern Chile and Bolivia. Based on an analysis of a documentary corpus composed of pamphlets, labor and commercial press, literature, and administrative documents, produced or published in both countries between the 1880s and 1930s, the article argues that these figures—through diverse yet interconnected representations—were perceived in both Chile and Bolivia as a "threat to the social order," as stated by the Bolivian Minister of Government and Development in 1915.The article thus revisits and criticalluy engages contemporary interpretations of the pampino identity construction by placing them in dialogue with their historical context.