Modern Analytical Methods for the Microdetermination of Hydrogen Peroxide: A Brief Analytical Review

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is a key reactive oxygen species with vital roles in biological, environmental, and industrial systems. Accurate determination of H₂O₂ is essential for monitoring oxidative stress, ensuring pharmaceutical quality, evaluating environmental pollution, and controlling sterilization processes. This review presents an overview of modern analytical approaches for hydrogen peroxide detection, emphasizing sensitivity, detection limits, and practical applicability. Traditional spectrophotometric and enzymatic assays remain widely used due to their simplicity and low cost, while fluorometric and chemiluminescent methods provide higher sensitivity suitable for trace-level analysis. Electrochemical sensors offer rapid, real-time monitoring, enhanced by nanomaterials and biomimetic catalysts, whereas flow-injection techniques provide automation and high throughput for industrial use. Advances in reagent indicator papers and portable test systems have facilitated on-site analysis. Challenges such as matrix interference, reagent stability, and cost remain significant. Emerging trends include miniaturization, integration of microfluidics, adoption of greener reagents, and application of artificial intelligence for data interpretation, marking a dynamic future for H₂O₂ analytics.