The Role of International Energy Law in Addressing Energy Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa

This study explores how international energy law can help tackle the issue of energy poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa—a region rich in energy resources but still facing major challenges in providing reliable and affordable energy access. Although the area has significant reserves of fossil fuels and strong potential for renewable energy, it remains the most energy-poor region in the world. Using a qualitative and descriptive approach, the paper reviews scholarly research, legal texts, and policy documents to assess how international legal can support fair energy distribution and promote sustainable growth. It discusses different ways of understanding energy poverty, from economic and social views to justice-oriented frameworks and evaluates the relevance of major legal instruments such as Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7), the International Energy Charter (IEC), and the African Energy Commission (AFREC). The analysis shows that while these legal frameworks provide valuable guidance, they are often inconsistent or poorly applied in practice, especially in Sub Sahara Africa settings. Overcoming energy poverty in the region will require stronger legal systems, better cooperation between countries, more inclusive policymaking, and focused investments in small-scale, sustainable energy projects. This paper adds to the wider discussion on energy justice and international law by showing both the opportunities and limits of legal solutions in addressing energy inequality.