Unplanned developments in coastal destinations and impacts: A case study of the Red Sea

Background: The Red Sea coast of Egypt has undergone rapid and largely unplanned development, raising concerns about its long-term environmental, economic and social sustainability. Despite increasing tourism-related investments, there has been limited integration of spatial planning or inclusive development strategies.Aim: This study aims to assess the multidimensional impacts of unregulated coastal development on the environment, economy, society and tourism sector in Egypt’s Red Sea region.Setting: The research focuses on Egypt’s Red Sea coast, a region experiencing intense tourism-driven development and ecological vulnerability.Methods: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining geospatial analysis of satellite imagery, qualitative field observations and secondary data from governmental and international sources. Urban expansion patterns were identified through geospatial mapping; qualitative data were thematically coded, and all findings were synthesised using a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analytical framework.Results: Findings reveal significant ecological degradation, including coral reef and mangrove loss, along with economic inefficiencies because of speculative land use and infrastructural gaps. Coastal privatisation has exacerbated social inequalities. Fragmented governance and a lack of regulation have weakened destination competitiveness.Conclusion: The study demonstrates that unchecked coastal development undermines both environmental integrity and tourism potential, calling for urgent policy reform.Contribution: This research contributes to the literature by integrating environmental, economic and socio-cultural perspectives to highlight the consequences of fragmented coastal governance. It offers evidence-based recommendations for spatial planning, ecosystem restoration and community-inclusive tourism models.