Neurotoxic Effects of PM2.5: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Public Health Implications

Air pollution is a global health concern, and among its various components, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) poses one of the most serious risks to human well-being. While its effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are well-established, emerging research reveals its significant impact on the central nervous system. This paper reviews current knowledge on the neurotoxic effects of PM2.5, focusing on how these particles enter the brain and interfere with neurological function. Drawing on evidence from human population studies, animal models, and cellular experiments, this paper explore how PM2.5 contributes to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter disruption, leading to conditions such as cognitive impairment, depression, AexploresDHD, and dementia. We also examine recent advances in research techniques and policy implications. Particular attention is given to vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly, who are disproportionately affected by PM2.5 exposure. Additionally, we discuss the role of PM2.5 chemical composition in determining its neurotoxicity, highlighting the importance of source-specific interventions. The findings emphasise the urgent need to address air pollution not only as an environmental issue, but as a public health priority with serious neurological consequences.