Graphene-based metasurfaces for switchable terahertz beam splitting

To address the challenge of dynamic beam control in terahertz systems, this study proposes a tunable terahertz metasurface that integrates a geometric-phase enabled subwavelength unit cells with an electro-gated graphene layer. By dynamically tuning the graphene Fermi levels, such metasurfaces achieve switchable dual-beam splitting, ranging from two deflected beams to specular reflection. Full-wave simulations demonstrate optimizing the graphene-based metasurfaces enables high performance beam switching across varying Fermi levels. Such dynamic terahertz control mechanism provides broadband stability and real-time response, offering an efficient and reconfigurable solution for dynamic multi-beam manipulation in terahertz communications, high-resolution imaging, and intelligent sensing systems.