Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Media Convergence in the 21st Century: A Critical Review

Abstract: This article critically investigates the evolving intersection between artificial intelligence (AI) and media convergence in the 21st century, with a focus on how intelligent technologies are reshaping media production, distribution, and audience interaction. Synthesizing insights from recent empirical and conceptual studies, the paper highlights the transformative roles of machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), and generative algorithms in contemporary media ecosystems. It identifies four thematic trajectories: AI-enabled content personalization, algorithmic journalism, ethical dilemmas involving bias and misinformation, and the rising call for regulatory interventions. The review demonstrates that while AI optimizes operational efficiency and enhances user engagement, it simultaneously introduces complex challenges to editorial autonomy and professional standards. The study advocates for hybrid frameworks that prioritize human-AI collaboration in journalism, ensuring ethical accountability, transparency, and the protection of democratic values.