Design Principles and Application Strategies of Dual-Task Training Programs for Improving Functional Fitness in Older Adults: A Review

This study aimed to review the design principles and application strategies of dual-task training (DTT) programs for improving functional fitness in older adults, providing practical guidelines for field application. A literature search was conducted through PubMed, Web of Science, KERIS, and KISS databases from January 2010 to December 2024. Inclusion criteria were studies targeting adults aged 65 and older, DTT interventions, functional fitness-related outcome variables, and peer-reviewed academic articles. Analysis of 42 selected studies revealed five core design principles: progressive difficulty adjustment, task specificity, individualization, variety, and transferability. Effective program components were categorized into motor domain (balance, gait, strength, coordination), cognitive domain (attention, memory, executive function), and training mediators (tools, environment, technology). Optimal application strategies included 8-16 weeks duration, 2-3 sessions per week, 45-60 minutes per session, and moderate intensity. DTT is an effective intervention for improving functional fitness in older adults and can be safely and effectively implemented through systematic design principles and individualized application strategies. These findings provide evidence-based guidelines for developing and implementing exercise programs for older adults.