Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Cystic echinococcosis among nomadic, rural, and urban communities in Northwestern Iran

Hydatid disease or hydatid cysticercosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. Dogs are definitive hosts, while humans and livestock, such as sheep and cattle, are intermediate hosts for the parasite. Infection occurs when contaminated food is ingested. This neglected disease is prevalent in temperate regions, mainly where sheep farming is common, with seroprevalence in Iran ranging from 1.6% to over 20%. The current study assesses human CE prevalence among various demographics in East Azerbaijan, Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1912 individuals aged 10 or older from urban, rural, and nomadic populations. To identify Anti-E. granulosus IgG, the ELISA technique was employed. Probable risk factors were recorded using a questionnaire prior to serum collection. At last, the multiple logistic regression model was employed to assess the correlation between seroprevalence rates and variables. The study found a seroprevalence rate of approximately 4% (95% CI 3.15%-4.91%), with 77 individuals testing positive for hydatidosis. Significant risk factors included nomadic and rural living conditions (OR = 2.059, 95% CI = 1.270-3.337), contact with dogs (OR = 2.30; 95% CI 1.42-3.75), and occupations in agriculture, animal husbandry, and housekeeping (OR = 1.244, 95% CI = 1.068-1.450). Results directed towards actual living conditions being the main contributors to the prevalence of the disease and occupational exposure reflect the vulnerability of the nomads due to their limited access to healthcare and hygiene measures. The present study indicates the urgent need to undertake targeted public health interventions that improve awareness and preventive strategies among high-risk groups.