Causal Effects of Immune Cell Populations on Cognitive Performance: A Mendelian Randomization Study

These findings suggest that seven distinct immune cell phenotypes may play a causal role in cognitive functioning. The absence of reverse causality further supports that these immunophenotypes likely influence cognitive outcomes rather than being consequences of cognitive function. The identified causal associations indicate potential immune pathways that could be relevant for modulating cognitive function. These immune signatures may serve as key regulators in cognitive performance-associated inflammatory pathways.