Archaeological Evidence Unveils Medieval Urbanization in Varendra

This paper examines the role of archaeological evidence in unveiling the medieval urbanization of the Varendra region in Bengal, highlighting the transformation of cities under Muslim rule between 1200 and 1757 AD. Through inscriptions, coins, and historical accounts, the study explores the development of key urban centers like Gour, Lakhnauti, and Babarkabad, which served as major administrative and minting hubs. The paper discusses the impact of political shifts, the influx of foreign traders, and the role of Sufi mystics and merchants in fostering urban growth. Additionally, it explores how the relocation of capitals and geographic factors influenced the rise and decline of cities during this period. Varendra’s cities, with their prosperous agricultural and commercial economies, were integral to Bengal’s wider political, social, and economic evolution. The study also emphasizes the significance of material culture, such as coins and inscriptions, as primary sources for understanding medieval urbanization, revealing insights into governance, social structures, and the interplay between urban and rural life in the Varendra region.