Transformation of the Education System of the Turkestan Region in the late 19th – early 20th centuries

The article examines key changes in the education system of the Turkestan region in the late 19thearly 20th centuries.Particular attention is paid to the transformation of traditional Muslim educational institutions (maktabs and madrassas), the spread of new-method schools (usul-i jadid) and the establishment of Russian-native institutions.The issues of girls' participation in the educational process and the ethnic structure of students are considered.Special emphasis is placed on the formation of a network of secular educational institutions.As a result of the analysis, it was established that the educational sphere of the region underwent significant changes, becoming an arena of interaction and rivalry between the colonial administration of the Russian Empire, Muslim reform movements (jadids) and traditional religious institutions.New-method schools became an important element in the modernization of Muslim communities and for the first time provided girls with access to secular education, which marked profound social shifts.An analysis of the national composition of students revealed a significant participation of Uzbeks, Tatars, Tajiks, Kazakhs and representatives of other ethnic groups, which indicates the beginning of the formation of a pan-regional Muslim educational space.The work uses archival documents, statistical reports and works of domestic and foreign researchers.Quantitative data on the number of educational institutions, students, teachers and national and gender composition are provided.The article shows that educational reforms in the Turkestan region became part of a broader process of modernization of Central Asia and the preparation of a new national intelligentsia, which played a key role in the subsequent political and cultural transformations of the region.