Integrating morphometrics and seminal plasma metabolomics to predict fertility in Yoruba Ecotype × Sussex crossbred cocks

YEC × SS crossbred cocks exhibit favorable reproductive morphometrics, strong correlations between testis volume and sperm reserves, and a metabolite profile enriched in fertility-enhancing antioxidants. Predictive models using basic semen traits can reliably estimate testosterone levels, while identified metabolites have potential as biochemical markers for breeding selection. Integrating morphometric and metabolomic profiling can refine breeding strategies, improve artificial insemination outcomes, and enhance the genetic improvement of local poultry breeds.