Comprehensive Assessment of Surface Water Quality Parameters and Their Implications Across Four Distinct Zones in Balasore District, Odisha

Background/Objective: This study assesses the surface water quality across four zones (coastal, municipal, industrial, and forest) in Balasore District, Odisha, to understand spatial variations in water quality and the impact of human activities on aquatic ecosystems. Methods: Eight water sampling sites were selected, two from each zone. Water quality parameters, including temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and total solids (TS), were analysed. Results: Significant water quality differences were observed. Coastal and industrial zones showed high pollution, with elevated BOD, conductivity, and solids. Municipal areas showed moderate pollution, while forested areas had the cleanest water with minimal pollution. Discussion: Coastal and industrial zones experienced higher pollution due to saline intrusion, runoff, and chemical discharges. Forested areas exhibited lower contamination levels, underscoring the importance of land-use and human activities on water quality. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for region-specific management strategies to improve water quality in Balasore District, advocating for continuous monitoring and sustainable practices to mitigate pollution